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## Sunflower

Helianthus annuus
Sunflower
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Subfamily: Helianthoideae
Tribe: Heliantheae
Genus: Helianthus
Binomial name
Helianthus annuus
L.
Whole seed (right) and kernel with hull removed (left)

Helianthus annuus, Sunflowers, are annual plants native to the Americas, that possess a large inflorescence (flowering head).

## Description

Head displaying florets in spirals of 34 and 55 around the outside

With Helianthus annuus, what is usually called the flower is actually a head (formally composite flower) of numerous florets (small flowers) crowded together. The outer florets are the sterile ray florets and can be yellow, maroon, orange, or other colors. The florets inside the circular head are called disc florets, which mature into seeds.

The florets within the sunflower's cluster are arranged in a spiral pattern. Typically each floret is oriented toward the next by approximately the golden angle, 137.5â°, producing a pattern of interconnecting spirals where the number of left spirals and the number of right spirals are successive Fibonacci numbers. Typically, there are 34 spirals in one direction and 55 in the other; on a very large sunflower there could be 89 in one direction and 144 in the other.[1][2][3] This pattern produces the most efficient packing of seeds within the flower head.[4][5][6]

Sunflowers most commonly grow to heights between 1.5 and 3.5 m (5â€“12 ft). Scientific literature reports that a 12 m (40 ft), traditional, single-head, sunflower plant was grown in Padua in 1567. The same seed lot grew almost 8 m (26 ft) at other times and places, including Madrid. During the 20th century, heights of over 8 m have been achieved in both Netherlands and Ontario, Canada.

## Heliotropism

Sun flowers have a type of phototropic response called heliotropism (sun turning); the leaves and flower heads of young sunflowers follow the sun and their orientation therefore changes from east to west during the day.[7] The movements become a circadian response and when plants are rotated 180 degrees, the old response pattern is still followed for a few days, with leaf orientation changing from west to east instead.[8] The leaf and flower bud phototropism occurs while the leaf petioles and stems are still actively growing and once mature the movements stop. The movement occurs as the petioles bend or twist during the day and at night they unbend or untwist.[9]

## History

Sunflower field

The sunflower is native to the Central Americas. The evidence thus far is that it was first domesticated in Mesoamerica, present day Mexico, by at least 2600 BC.[10] It may have been domesticated a second time in the middle Mississippi Valley, or been introduced there from Mexico at an early date, as maize was. The earliest known examples of a fully domesticated sunflower north of Mexico have been found in Tennessee and date to around 2300 BC. Many indigenous American peoples used the sunflower as the symbol of their solar deity, including the Aztecs and the Otomi of Mexico and the Incas in South America. Francisco Pizarro was the first European to encounter the sunflower in Tahuantinsuyo, Peru. Gold images of the flower, as well as seeds, were taken back to Spain early in the 16th century. Some researchers argue that the Spaniards tried to suppress cultivation of the sunflower because of its association with solar religion and warfare.[11]

During the 18th century, the use of sunflower oil became very popular in Europe, particularly with members of the Russian Orthodox Church because sunflower oil was one of the few oils that was not prohibited during Lent, according to some fasting traditions.

## Cultivation and uses

Worldwide sunflower output

To grow well, sunflowers need full sun. They grow best in fertile, moist, well-drained soil with a lot of mulch. In commercial planting, seeds are planted 45 cm (1.5 ft) apart and 2.5 cm (1 in) deep. Sunflower "whole seed" (fruit) are sold as a snack food, after roasting in ovens, with or without salt added. Sunflowers can be processed into a peanut butter alternative, sunbutter. In Germany, it is mixed together with rye flour to make Sonnenblumenkernbrot (literally: sunflower whole seed bread), which is quite popular in German-speaking Europe. It is also sold as food for birds and can be used directly in cooking and salads.

Sunflower oil, extracted from the seeds, is used for cooking, as a carrier oil and to produce margarine and biodiesel, as it is cheaper than olive oil. A range of sunflower varieties exist with differing fatty acid compositions; some 'high oleic' types contain a higher level of healthy monounsaturated fats in their oil than even olive oil.

Detail of disk florets

The cake remaining after the seeds have been processed for oil is used as a livestock feed. Some recently developed cultivars have drooping heads. These cultivars are less attractive to gardeners growing the flowers as ornamental plants, but appeal to farmers, because they reduce bird damage and losses from some plant diseases. Sunflowers also produce latex and are the subject of experiments to improve their suitability as an alternative crop for producing hypoallergenic rubber.

Traditionally, several Native American groups planted sunflowers on the north edges of their gardens as a "fourth sister" to the better known three sisters combination of corn, beans, and squash.[12] Annual species are often planted for their allelopathic properties.[citation needed]

However, for commercial farmers growing commodity crops, the sunflower, like any other unwanted plant, is often considered a weed. Especially in the midwestern US, wild (perennial) species are often found in corn and soybean fields and can have a negative impact on yields.

Sunflowers can be used to extract toxic ingredients from soil, such as lead, arsenic and uranium. They were used to remove cesium-137 and strontium-90 from a nearby pond after the Chernobyl disaster[13] (see phytoremediation).

## Sunflower genome

The sunflower, Helianthus annuus, genome is diploid with a base chromosome number of 17 and an estimated genome size of 2871â€“3189 Mbp.[14] Some sources claim its true size is around 3.5 billion base pairs (slightly larger than the human genome).[15]

## Mathematical model of floret arrangement

Illustration of Vogel's model for n=1 ... 500

A model for the pattern of florets in the head of a sunflower was proposed by H. Vogel in 1979.[16] This is expressed in polar coordinates

$r = c \sqrt{n},$
$\theta = n \times 137.5^{\circ},$

where î¸ is the angle, r is the radius or distance from the center, and n is the index number of the floret and c is a constant scaling factor. It is a form of Fermat's spiral. The angle 137.5â° is related to the golden ratio and gives a close packing of florets. This model has been used to produce computer graphics representations of sunflowers.[17]

## International Sunflower Guerrilla Gardening Day

International Sunflower Guerrilla Gardening Day is 1 May.[18] It is a day when guerrilla gardeners around the world plant sunflowers in their neighborhood, typically in neglected public places such as tree pits, shabby flower beds and bare roadside verges. It has taken place since 2007 and was conceived by guerrilla gardeners in Brussels,[19] (who go by the name of The Brussels Farmers). They declared it JournÃ©e Internationale de la GuÃ©rilla Tournesol. It has been championed by guerrilla gardeners around the world, notably by GuerrillaGardening.org [20] and participation has grown each year since then. In 2010 more than 5000 people signed up to the event from North America, Europe and Asia.[21] Although horticulturally sunflower sowing at this time of the year is limited to relatively temperate parts of the northern hemisphere, this day is also marked in other parts of the world by planting appropriate to the season.

## Varieties

The following are varieties of sunflowers (in alphabetical order):

 American Giant Hybrid Arnika Autumn Beauty Aztec Sun Black Oil Dwarf Sunspot Evening Sun Giant Primrose Indian Blanket Hybrid Irish Eyes Italian White Kong Hybrid Large Grey Stripe Lemon Queen Mammoth Russian Mongolian Giant Orange Sun Peach Passion Peredovik Red Sun Ring of Fire Rostov Skyscraper Soraya Strawberry Blonde Sunny Hybrid Taiyo Tarahumara Teddy Bear Titan Valentine Velvet Queen Yellow Empress

## Other species

• The Maximillian sunflower (Helianthus maximillianii) is one of 38 species of perennial sunflower native to North America. The Land Institute and other breeding programs are currently exploring the potential for these as a perennial seed crop
• The Sunchoke [1] (Jerusalem artichoke or Helianthus tuberosus) is related to the sunflower, another example of perennial sunflower.
• The Mexican sunflower is Tithonia rotundifolia. It is only very distantly related to North American sunflowers.
• False sunflower refers to plants of the genus Heliopsis.

## Notes

1. ^ John A. Adam, Mathematics in Nature
2. ^ R. Knott, Interactive demos
3. ^ R. Knott, Fibonacci in plants
6. ^ http://www.oocities.com/capecanaveral/lab/5833/cycas.html
7. ^ Shella, G.S.G.; Langa, A.R.G.; Salea, P.J.M. (1974), "Quantitative measures of leaf orientation and heliotropic response in sunflower, bean, pepper and cucumber", Agricultural Meteorology 13 (1): 25â€“37, doi:10.1016/0002-1571(74)90062-4, retrieved 2010-08-15
8. ^ Donat-Peter HÃ¤der; Michael Lebert (2001). Photomovement. Elsevier. pp. 673â€“. ISBN 9780444507068. Retrieved 15 August 2010.
9. ^ Brian James Atwell; Paul E. Kriedemann; Colin G. N. Turnbull (August 1999). Plants in action: adaptation in nature, performance in cultivation. Palgrave Macmillan Australia. pp. 265â€“. ISBN 9780732944391. Retrieved 15 August 2010.
10. ^ University of Cincinnati (2008, April 29). Ancient Sunflower Fuels Debate About Agriculture In The Americas. ScienceDaily. Retrieved November 3, 2009.
11. ^ Sunflower Debate Ends in Mexico, Researchers Say Newswise, Retrieved on June 26, 2008.
12. ^ Kuepper and Dodson, 2001 Companion Planting: Basic Concept and Resources
13. ^ Adler, Tina (July 20, 1996). "Botanical cleanup crews: using plants to tackle polluted water and soil". Science News. Retrieved 2010-09-03.
14. ^
15. ^
16. ^ Vogel, H (1979). "A better way to construct the sunflower head". Mathematical Biosciences 44 (44): 179â€“189. doi:10.1016/0025-5564(79)90080-4.
17. ^ . Springer-Verlag. pp. 101â€“107. ISBN 978-0387972978.
18. ^ http://www.guerrillagardening.org/ggsunflower.html
19. ^ http://brussels-farmer.blogspot.com/2007_04_01_archive.html

## References

• Pope, Kevin; Pohl, Mary E. D.; Jones, John G.; Lentz, David L.; von Nagy, Christopher; Vega, Francisco J.; Quitmyer Irvy R.; "Origin and Environmental Setting of Ancient Agriculture in the Lowlands of Mesoamerica," Science, 18 May 2001:Vol. 292. no. 5520, pp. 1370â€“1373.
• Shosteck, Robt. 1974. Flowers and Plants. An International Lexicon with Biographical Notes. Quadrangle/The New York Times Book Co. 329 pp.
• Wood, Marcia. June 2002. "Sunflower Rubber?" Agricultural Research. USDA. [2]