It has been suggested that Timeline of Mongol conquests be merged into this article or section. (Discuss)

This is timeline of the Mongol Empire from 1206, when Temüjin received the title of Genghis Khan, to the death in 1370 of the last emperor of China's Yuan dynasty, who had been deposed in 1368. The Yuan emperors used the title of Khagan (Great Khan, or Emperor) of the Mongols as successors to Genghis as overlord of all the Mongol dominions, though after the death of Kublai Khan in 1294, their suzerainty over the other divisions of the Mongol Empire (initially the Chagatai Khanate, the Golden Horde, and the Ilkhanate) was almost notional. Imperial Mongolia is generally considered to have come to an end in 1368, though the title of Khagan continued to be used by the rulers of Post-imperial Mongolia, a far less powerful successor entity, until 1634.

Eurasia on the eve of the Mongol invasions, c. 1200.

• 1206: Upon domination of Mongolia, Temüjin from the Orkhon Valley received the title Genghis Khan, thought to mean Universal Ruler or, Oceanic Ruler or Firm, Resolute Ruler
• 1207: The Mongols operations against the Western Xia, which comprised much of northwestern China and parts of Tibet. This campaign lasted until 1210 with the Western Xia ruler submitting to Genghis Khan. During this period, the Uyghur Turks also submitted peacefully to the Mongols and became valued administrators throughout the empire. The creation of classic Mongolian script.
• 1211: Genghis Khan led his armies across the Gobi desert against the Jin Dynasty of northern China.
• 1218: The Mongols captured Zhetysu and the Tarim Basin, occupying Kashgar.
• 1218: The execution of Mongol envoys by the Khwarezmian Shah Muhammad set in motion the first Mongol westward thrust.
• 1219: The Mongols crossed the Jaxartes (Syr Darya) and begin their invasion of Transoxiana.
• 1219'1221: While the campaign in northern China was still in progress, the Mongols waged a war in central Asia and destroyed the Khwarezmid Empire. One notable feature was that the campaign was launched from several directions at once. In addition, it was notable for special units assigned by Genghis Khan personally to find and kill Ala al-Din Muhammad II, the Khwarazm shah who fled from them, and ultimately ended up hiding on an island in the Caspian Sea.
• 1223: The Mongols gained a decisive victory at the Battle of the Kalka River, the first engagement between the Mongols and the East Slavic warriors.
• 1227: Genghis Khan's death; Mongol leaders returned to Mongolia for kuriltai. The empire at this point covered nearly 26 million km–, about four times the size of the Roman or Macedonian Empires.

Mongol Empire in 1227 at Genghis' death

• 1229: Ogedei elected as Great Khan.
• 1232: The siege of Kaifeng. Missile-rockets were used by Jurcheds for the first time in world history.
• 1234: Mongols conquered the Jurched (Jurchen) Jin dynasty.
• 1236: Mongols invaded Korea. The beginning of Mongol invasion of Europe.
• 1236-1237: Mongol-Song war began.
• 1237: Under the leadership of Batu Khan, the Mongols returned to the West and began their campaign to subjugate Kievan Rus'
• 1236-1239: Mongol invasion of Georgia and Armenia under Chormaqan.
• 1240: Mongols sacked Kiev.
• 1241: Hungarians and Croatians at the Battle of Sajo and Poles, Templars and Teutonic Knights at the Battle of Legnica.
• 1241:
• 1241 and 1242 Mongols under Batu and Khadan invaded Bulgaria and forced them to pay annual tribute as vassals.
• 1243: Western army made Seljuks of Anatolia a part of Mongol empire. The Lesser Armenians and the Empire of Trebizond surrendered to the Mongol Empire.
• 1246: Guyuk elected as Great khan.
• 1247: The first registration of the population of the empire.
• 1248: Great khan Guyuk died.
• 1251: Mongke, the elder son of Tolui, elected as Great khan. The great purge of the Ogedied and Chagataid families.
• 1253: Mongol control over Yunnan. The Administration of Monetary Affairs was established in Karakorum.
• 1256: Hulagu exterminated the order of Hashshashins, whose leader known as Old man of the mountain. The foundation of Ilkhanate. Baiju crushed the rebellion of the Seljuks in Turkey.
• 1257: The first Mongol invasion of Dai Viet (Vietnam) which put the country in temporary humiliated vassalage. Mongols sacked Thang Long (Hanoi). Deadly heat forced them to leave Vietnam.
• 1258: Mongols occupied Baghdad. The fate of Abbasid caliphate.
• 1259: Mongol invasion of Syria. The death of Mongke. Rebellions of ruling aristocracies in Georgia and Armenia. Second incursion against Poland, led by Burundai.
• 1260: The Battle of Ain Jalut and the First Battle of Homs. Mongol defeats to Mamluks.
• 1260: Two Great Khans in Mongol Empire: Kublai Khan and Ariq Boke. The succession war had begun, which marked the end of a united empire.
• 1260: Mongol gave up direct ruling of Goyreo as a result of the peace treaty. Goryeo became a tributary client kingdom of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty.
• 1262: The war between Golden Horde and Ilkhanate: Berke-Hulagu war.
• 1264: Kublai won the supporters of Ariq Boke.
• 1269: Kaidu, with support from Chagatai Khanate and Golden Horde, held an assembly to oppose Kublai.
• 1269: The School of Mongolian language studies was established by Kublai Khan's decree. Square script was introduced by Phagspa lama.
• 1271: The establishment of Yuan Dynasty by Kublai Khan.
• 1273: Paper money issued by the decree of Kublai Khan within the Yuan Dynasty.
• 1274: The first Mongol invasion of Japan (Battle of Bun'ei). The second full scale census in the Golden Horde and its vassals Russian principalities. Smolensk, the last of Russian major city-states became subject to the Golden Horde.
• 1276: The fall of Song Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty.
• 1279: Mongols of Yuan Dynasty became supreme lords of all China.
• 1281: The second Mongol invasion of Japan (Battle of KÅ�an).
• 1281: The Second Battle of Homs. Mongol defeat to Mamluks.
• 1284: Failed second Mongol invasion of Vietnam.
• 1287: Pagan Kingdom falls to Mongols of Yuan Dynasty who installed a puppet king.
• 1288: Failed third Mongol invasion of Vietnam (Battle of Bach Dang (1288)), which made Dai Viet and Champa tributary vassals of the Yuan Dynasty.
• 1293: Mongol raid on Java.

The Mongol Empire, ca. 1300. The gray area is the later Timurid empire.

• 1294: Kublai Khan died. His grandson Oljeitu Temur became his successor of the Yuan Dynasty.
• 1295: Islamization of Ilkhanate. The rulers of Thai states visited the court of the Yuan to show their respects.
• 1299: The Battle of Wadi al-Khazandar (also known as the Third Battle of Homs). A Mongol victory over the Mamluks.
• 1303: The Battle of Marj al-Saffar. A Mongol defeated by Mumluks. The end of the Mongol invasion to Syria.
• 1304: Peace negotiation between Mongol khanates. However, the fighting between Duwa and Chapar, the son of Kaidu, broke out shortly afterwards.
• 1305: The yam and trade routes between Mongol Khanates were reopened.
• 1307: the Mongol conquest of Gilan region.
• 1310: Chapar submitted to the emperor of Yuan Dynasty.
• 1315: Islamization of Golden Horde. Ozbeg Khan presecuted non-Muslim Tatar-Mongols in Russia.
• 1323: The Ossetian or Asud guard under Tegshi murdered Gegeen Khan of the Yuan Dynasty on his way from the summer palace Shangdu to the capital at Dadu. The Ilkhanate made a truce with the Mamluks, ending the half century long Mamluk-Ilkhanid war.
• 1327: The large rebellion in Tver against Mongol rule. Ozbeg punished them harshly with the assistance of the Muscotives and sent Russian prisoners to his nominal suzerain Tugh Temur Khan of the Yuan.
• 1335: Last effective Ilkhan Abu Said died, followed by the disintegration of Ilkhanate.
• 1353: Last of the powerful Ilkhanid contender, Togha Temür, was assassinated.
• 1356 Jani Beg conducted a military campaign in Azerbaijan and conquered the city of Tabriz, destroyig Chupanid Dynasty and compelled the Jalayirids to surrender (two successor states of the Ilkhanate). He also asserted Jochid dominance over the Chagatai Khanate, attempting to unite three khanates of the Mongol Empire.
• 1359: The assassination of Berdi Beg. The age of Great Troubles began.
• 1368: Yuan Dynasty overthrown by the Ming Dynasty. The last Yuan ruler, Toghun Temür fled north to Shangdu.
• 1370: Toghun Temür died in Yingchang. His son Ayushiridara retreated to Karakorum in Mongolia, which became known as the Northern Yuan. Timur became the Emir of Chagatai Khanate.

[edit] See also

• Timeline of Mongolian history.